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Whole Body Vibration (WBV) is a comparatively recent reinvention of a technology dating back to ancient Greece.
The difference is, this reinvented technology is proving very effective in the treatment of pathologies such as osteopenia,
osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and in various musculoskeletal disorders including back and joint injury. WBV is used in stroke
rehabilitation and in other neuromuscular debilitating and neurodegenerative disorders, to improve problems of balance, flexibility
and impaired proprioception, to improve postural control and mobility, for pain reduction, to improve cardiovascular and lymphatic
circulation, to strengthen muscles (e.g. the pelvic floor, relieving incontinence), to speed recovery from injury, enhance functional
capacity and improve mood. The technology is also used in general fitness, strength and power training, and to enhance athletic performance.
Material presented on this page is drawn from a number of sources, features information about WBV available
right here in Ottawa, presents a list of important clinical studies and selected articles for further reading.
The History
Introduction
Vibration training and vibration therapy, also known as whole body vibration (WBV), biomechanical stimulation (BMS),
and biomechanical oscillation (BMO) date back to ancient Greece. Recently, vibration training has been reinvented
as a new form of exercise that is becoming more frequently used to improve muscle strength, power and
flexibility as well as coordination. Increasingly, WBV can be encountered in different wellness, fitness and rehabilitation
centres as well as medical centres. Various professional sports clubs, such as AC Milan (soccer), Anaheim Mighty
Ducks (ice hockey) and Chicago White Sox (baseball), are using WBV for their recovery and strengthening regimens
in addition to their warm-up sessions. Individual professional athletes, including the legendary cyclist Lance Armstrong
and Austrian skiing star Herman Maier, have incorporated vibration platform sessions into their training schedules.
Initially, vibration was used only for specific parts of the body (BMS). Later, a system with a counter movement (lateral
or horizontal displacement) around a fulcrum was licensed in Germany, in 1996. Individuals using this tool could stand on
their feet so that the whole body was stimulated with a sinusoidal vibration; hence the term whole body vibration was coined. This
should not be confused with the vibration experienced in occupational injuries where the body passively vibrates over long periods
of time. In the latter case, occupational vibration differs in its duration (e.g. heavy machinery driver) and also in the nature
of its form, whereby sporadic movements are induced in the body, as in an air compression hammer, at a totally different frequency
(>100 Hz) of vibration from that of WBV. The combination of duration and sporadic movement appears, with the markedly higher
frequency, to cause the deleterious effects. In contrast, WBV employs low amplitude (<10 mm) and low frequency (<65 Hz)
mechanical stimulation of the human body for short durations (<30 min) to attain an effective and safe way to exercise musculoskeletal structures.
In 1880, Jean-Martin Charcot, a French neurologist, examined the surprising improvements in the condition of pilgrims suffering from
Parkinson's disease. He surmised that such improvements were attributable to the vibration from the horse-drawn and railway carriages.
Based on this idea he then developed a chair with a helmet that vibrated electrically. Between 1890 and 1910, Charcot's ideas were
developed further by different therapists. G. Taylor (USA), G. Zander (Sweden), and J.H. Kellogg (USA) produced different kinds of
vibration therapy for the arms and back. In 1960, Dr. Biermann, a West German, published the paper 'Influence of cycloid vibration
massage on trunk flexion' in the American Journal of Physical Medicine.
In 1970, Professor Vladamir Nasarov deloped a vibration training programme as an effective method for athletes. He observed an improvement
in power and flexibility using Biermann's ideas in practical exercises. A short time later, this localized vibration training started to
be used by the Russians in their space programme to prevent bone density changes in astronauts. They recognized that this new idea for
exercise had the potential to provide suitable countermeasures for preventing bone and muscle loss for astronauts under microgravity conditions.
WBV was later used to enhance the performance of Soviet athletes during their exercise training (Nasarov & Spivak 1985). These two authors were
the first to highlight the association between strength and power development and whole-body or segment-focused vibration training. They
assumed that repetitive eccentric vibration loads with small amplitudes would effectively enhance strength, because of a better synchronization
of motor units.
Professor Nasarov was a Russian athletics coach who first applied vibration stimulation in sport. Basically, he wanted to help athletic performance
based on the principle that by applying vibration to a distal muscle it would be transmitted to more proximal muscles. The special device he used
generated vibration at a frequency of 23 Hz. Professor Nasarov found that the vibration produced an increase in the range of motion (ROM) of the
involved joint, speculating that a shift in the pain threshold had occurred (Nasarov 1991 cited in Kunnemeyer & Schmidtbleicher 1997). He also
hypothesized that vibration training, besides improving flexibility, would also improve blood flow.
[...] Exercise programmes incorporating WBV have been tested in the areas of sports muscle strength, muscle power and muscle length (Bosco et al 1999a,
Delecluse et al 2003, Issurin & Tenenbaum 1999); in gerontology, proprioception, and balance training (Bautmans et al 2005, Bogaerts et al 2007, Runge
et al 2000); bone density (Felsenberg 2004, Gusi et al 2006, Rittweger and Felsenberg 2004, Rubin et al 2002) and the rehabilitation of various musculoskeletal
impairments associated with disuse atrophy, muscle spasms and low back pain (Belavý et al 2008, Fontana et al 2005, Rittweger et al 2002); and in people
suffering from the effects of stroke (Tihanyi et al 2007, van Nes et al 2004) and Parkinson's disease (Has et al 2006). [...]
Worldwide research highlights the physiological and neuromuscular benefits unique to Whole Body Vibration (WBV). These studies show astounding results for improved fitness and health in a fraction
of the time, compared to conventional exercise. The technology is being accepted by major medical, rehabilitation and therapeutic centres in Europe, the USA, Canada and Australia. Professional sport
teams have adopted WBV to develop explosive strength and for rehabilitation. Health Spas are offering clients personalized sessions for massage and relaxation and Personal Trainers are using it
exclusively for the ultimate whole body strength and toning workout.
How whole body vibration training works
There are three prominent types of WBV platforms on the market, each operating by a different means and having unique characteristics:
- Oscillating vibration platforms move vertically on either side in an alternating fashion.
- Linear platforms move vertically only.
- Tri-planar platforms move in all three axes.
These platforms share a common characteristic: They are effective in activating involuntary muscle contractions via a mechanism known as the stretch (tonic
vibration) reflex.1 This response is similar to a health professional tapping the patellar tendon (knee) with a reflex hammer. As the hammer impacts the knee, the
patellar tendon lengthens and a contraction occurs to counteract it and prevent overstretching of the muscle. The stretch receptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon
organs) responsible for this reflex are located in the muscles and tendons, and are key factors in maintaining posture and balance for the human body.2
As a person stands on a vibration platform, the platform drops, lengthening the tendon, and an involuntary contraction occurs. The platform then moves
back to its original position and the process repeats itself. Most linear and triplanar WBV platforms have a frequency range from 20 to 60 hertz (Hz), and the
oscillating platforms typically operate at frequencies below 30 Hz. Simply stated, a frequency of 35 Hz means that 35 muscle contractions are elicited every second.
A typical WBV training session will last 15–20 minutes, including rest periods between exercises.
WBV training is best described as a form of resistance training without the use of weights and the joint stress often associated with them. The difference between
conventional resistance training and WBV training can be found in Sir Isaac Newton’s formula:
Force = Mass X Acceleration
During conventional exercise or training, muscular strength (force) is typically enhanced through increasing the resistance (mass) lifted with weights. The
acceleration (speed) of an exercise movement can vary; however, it is usually an afterthought and prerequisite to developing muscular power. With WBV training,
the opposite holds true. The mass (body weight) typically remains constant during exercise, whereas the acceleration is varied through manipulating the frequency
and amplitude of the vibration platform. [...]
Abstract — Low bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis are health concerns among older adults and individuals with
physical, neurological, and/or mobility impairments. Detrimental changes in bone density and bone architecture occurring in
these individuals may be due in part to the reduction/cessation of physical activity and the accompanying reduction of mechanical
strain on bone. Changes in bone architecture predispose these individuals to fragility fractures during low-trauma events.
Whole-body vibration (WBV) has been examined as an intervention for maintaining or improving bone mass among people
with low BMD, because it may emulate the mechanical strains observed during normal daily activities. This article provides an
overview of WBV including terminology, safety considerations, and a summary of the current literature; it is intended for rehabilitation
healthcare providers considering WBV as a potential therapy for individuals with osteoporosis. [...]
Whole-Body Vibration Safety Considerations
Given that older adults and individuals with physical or neurological impairments are at a higher risk of experiencing
adverse effects from WBV stimuli, the safety of these individuals must be ensured.
The contraindications
for both vertical and oscillatory alternating WBV are similar, and manufacturers that have equipment registered
with the Food and Drug Administration have guidelines stating that individuals who have one of the following conditions
should not partake in WBV training:
- kidney or bladder stones
- arrhythmia
- pregnancy
- epilepsy
- seizures
- cancer
- a pacemaker
- untreated orthostatic hypotension
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- recent implants (joint/corneal/cochlear, etc.)
- recent surgery
- recently placed intrauterine devices or pins
- acute thrombosis or hernia
- acute rheumatoid arthritis
- serious cardiovascular disease
- severe diabetes
- or migraines.[**]
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Most of the documented negative effects of WBV have been observed in the workplace through exposure to
large vibration loads or chronic exposure to vibration. These negative effects include damage to biological structures
including peripheral nerves, blood vessels, joints, and perceptual function [19,60]. The frequency and magnitude of
workplace WBV are very different than those used for therapeutic WBV. Although published research on vertical WBV is
more comprehensive than that on oscillatory alternating WBV, very little is documented or published regarding adverse
events or serious adverse events resulting from either type of WBV exposure.
Among published literature, several studies utilizing a low magnitude, high frequency WBV stimulus among populations
with physical or neurological impairments have reported no adverse reactions [45,48,47,12,2,50,57,22,52]. In the field
of WBV, whether adverse events in fact do not occur or are underreported or not reported is unknown. Future
studies of WBV should systematically record and report data on side effects and adverse events. One clinical trial
conducted at Lyndhurst Centre, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, on the effects of passive standing and WBV
among individuals with SCI reported several adverse events including pain, pressure sores on the feet, autonomic
dysreflexia, and dizziness, which were largely attributed to the passive standing portion of the intervention.
Two serious adverse events were reported including a fall resulting in lower-limb fracture (unrelated to intervention)
and one case of deep vein thrombosis (unknown whether related or unrelated to intervention).* Researchers
at Lyndhurst Centre caution that WBV may elicit inner ear troubles, dizziness, headache, lower-limb
spasticity, fracture (especially among those with severe osteoporosis), and/or hardware loosening (plates or
screws as a result of surgery).*
Precautions
The following is adapted from TurboSonic USA: Precautions and VibraSlim™, and is similar
to the contraindications presented with respect to most whole body vibration devices.
If one of the conditions listed below applies to you, it is strongly advised that you consult with your physician, inform them you wish to begin using a whole
body vibration device, and provide the specifications and vibration capacities of that device.
- Pregnancy
- Acute thrombosis
- Serious cardiovascular disease
- Pacemaker
- Recent wounds from an operation or surgery
- Hip and knee implants
- Acute hernia, discopathy, spondylolysis
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- Severe diabetes
- Epilepsy
- Recent infections
- Severe migraine
- Tumors
- Recently placed IUDs, metal pins, or plates
- Electrolyte imbalance
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Very frail individuals and children should consult their physician and be accompanied by an adult. The contraindications do not necessarily mean that you cannot use a vibration or exercise device, but
rather, that you are best advised to consult your physician or health care provider before doing so. Ongoing research is being done to the effects of vibration exercise for specific medical disorders.
Practical experience has shown that in a number of cases, vibration exercise may form part of an overall treatment plan. |
Disclaimers
Most WBV sites and services provide a standard disclaimer, as follows:
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration, Health Canada or the Public Health Agency of Canada. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
The benefits listed on this web site are based on independent studies which reference years of research into (WBV) whole body vibration exercise.
The material provided herein is intended for educational and informational purposes only. We are not engaged in rendering medical service or advice and the information provided is not a substitute for a
professional medical opinion. If you have a medical problem, please contact a qualified health professional.
The point is simple.
While WBV is a hot innovative technology that shows measurable, sometimes dramatic dramatic benefits in the treatment of a range of pathologies, and that is
proving very useful in general fitness, power, strength and enhanced athletic performance training, responses are idiosyncratic, subject to a host of factors including personal characteristics, the
correct application and use of the technology, and related lifestyle choices. It is therefore prudent to consult with your health care provider regarding your particular situation.
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Try T-Zone FREE at the Bank Street location in Ottawa!
T-Zone machines are CSA-approved in Canada and the US, and have a Class II Medical Device License
from Health Canada | |
T-Zone Health, Inc.
Worldwide research highlights the physiological and neuromuscular benefits unique to Whole Body Vibration (WBV). These studies show astounding results for improved fitness and health in a fraction of the
time, compared to conventional exercise. The technology is being accepted by major medical, rehabilitation and therapeutic centres in Europe, the USA, Canada, and Australia. Professional sport teams have
adopted WBV to develop explosive strength and for rehabilitation. Health Spas are offering clients personalised sessions for massage and relaxation and Personal Trainers are using it exclusively for the
ultimate whole body strength and toning workout.
When you stand on T-Zone’s oscillating vibration platform, vertical vibrations are produced with a side-alternating rocking movement, similar to walking. The body reacts to this natural stimulus
with an involuntary reflex muscle contraction. Depending on the speed, your body will react up to 30 times per second and as the acceleration forces increase, your
body works against a far greater influence or "load" of gravity in every movement you perform. That translates to less stress on the joints, ligaments and tendons than occurs with regular resistance training.
People find this type of machine most comfortable — muscles are activated alternately, as they are in walking. They are suitable for all ages and health levels, and are widely used by
chiropractors, physiotherapists, trainers and doctors around the world.
All T-Zone machines are licensed by Health Canada as Class II Medical Devices, and are
CSA-approved for both Canada and the USA.
Source: Brochure, VT-20BR12-1899, p.9, T-Zone Health; c2011.
Right here in Ottawa
At T-ZoneOttawa.com, Roger Deveau and Sarah Roberts are well aware of the many benefits to be derived from Whole Body Vibration, and they're committed to spreading the word,
facilitating your efforts to learn about and experience those benefits yourself.
You can reach Roger via cell, at (613) 858-1445, and Sarah via cell, at (613) 698-7353.
Their downtown location is 160 Bank Street.
You can drop by between 11:00am and 2:00pm Monday through Friday, or call to arrange a personal appointment to try a T-Zone WBV machine.
In the following videos, Roger describes his own experience and demonstrates how the technology works. He answers common questions and illustrates specific exercises, stretches and postures.
Highly Recommended...
This technology is amazing.
I use a T-Zone VT-12 machine, shown in the videos above. The new VT-20 is said to be more ergonomic,
have a more advanced console and many new features, but the VT-12 works just fine for me.
I have not had opportunity to try other highly rated machines on the market — several are listed in the left sidebar. At right, for example, you can watch a video of a 10-minute workout on a VibraSlim™, available in Canada.
The experience, for me at least, is not like initiating action in a workout; rather, I find myself responding to the machine, apperceiving sensations, some superficial, some deep, exploring muscle characteristics
and behaviors, ligament connections and tensions, feeling changes in circulation and lymphatics that are much more easily observed, I find, with such stimulation. There's a comfort in the process, a sense of working with
the technology, not simply being worked on. And it requires no more effort than you want to put out — you set your own speed, you respond at your own level of comfort, always in control. You can simply stand there,
if you want to. You can follow a specific routine. Or you can slowly move around, experimenting with the vibration, learning by exploring, engaging more, working on whatever needs work in that particular session. It seems as if there's always something new to learn, some new channel of sensation, of stretching and
testing, challenging and strengthening. As I said, the technology is amazing, and I'm pleased to report that the results are quite impressive. I work with it daily, in
conjunction with my other routines. Some days, I just do WBV.
Here are some of the many exercises, stretches and postures you can use with this oscillating type of WBV.
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